The Haitian Revolution (later led by Toussaint L’Ouverture) begins with revolt of slaves under leadership of Boukman in northern provinces in vicinity of le Cap. Others involved during the course of the revolt are Jean Jacques Dessalines, Henri Christophe and Alexander Pétion. At the successful conclusion of this revolt and the establishment of a republic, Haiti becomes not only the first African republic in the western hemisphere but also the only nation in the hemisphere to wage a purely social revolution as well. See C.L.R. James, The Black Jacobins (1963). 

The King and Queen of France—Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette—and their two children slip out of the Tuileries in Paris and flee to Varennes in an ill–fated effort to reach the French army encamped to the east of Paris. The fugitives are discovered and returned to Paris as prisoners of the Republic. 

The majority of the slave population in Santo Domingo is born in Africa. 

The Bill of Rights (the first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution) goes into effect. 

The Bank of the United States is established. 

Benjamin Banneker, a free African from Maryland, begins issuing one of the first series of almanacs in the United States. He is a mathematician, writer, astronomer and inventor of the nation’s first workable clock. 

Vermont is admitted as the 14th state. 

1792  
Congress passes the first law authorizing the formation of military bands (other than the fife and drum corps); the law is amended in 1803. 

The first order of Catholic nuns is founded by Antonie Blanc. 

Free Africans mixed with European blood form the Brown Fellowship Society in Charleston, South Carolina, and admit only “brown” men of good reputation. This society provides for the education of free Africans and assists widows and orphans. 

France declares war on Austria. Prussia declares war on France. The Battle of Valmy takes place. 

France becomes a Republic. 

Andrew Bryan, the first pastor of Bryan Baptist Church, Savannah, Georgia, is a slave who conducts services in his master’s barn. His congregation numbers 200. 

Joshua Bishop, a black man, is named pastor of the white First Baptist Church in Portsmouth, Virginia. 

1793 
Thomas–Alexandre Dumas is commissioned commander–in–chief of France’s Army of the Western Pyrenees. 

A reign of terror is a consequence of the French revolution. Louis XVI is beheaded. Marie Antoinette follows him to the guillotine. 

The Second War of Resistance erupts in South Africa. The South African people manage to regain some land as far into the Cape Colony as the Swartkops River. 

Mexico’s population of African mixed–bloods reaches 369,790 out of a total population of 3,799,561. 

The Fugitive Slave Law is adopted by Congress, strengthening the extradition of runaway slaves. 

The British capture Tobago, and in 1794, Martinique, Guadeloupe and St. Lucia. The Dutch colonies of Demerara and Essequibo in present-day Guyana are taken in 1796. In 1797 Trinidad is captured from Spain (see Eric Williams, The History of the People of Trinidad and Tobago [1962]). 

Eli Whitney “invents” the cotton gin, producing increased demand for slaves in the Deep South. 

1794  
The first independent African church in the United States, the Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church, is organized by Richard Allen in Philadelphia. 

Robespierre is executed, marking the end of the Jacobin Republic in France and initiating the rule of the Convention. 

1795 
Mungo Park, British explorer, starts on his first expedition to the Niger River in West Africa. 

The Burgher (Dutch) Rebellion takes place on the South African eastern frontier. 

Napoleon Bonaparte suppresses a revolt and goes to Italy as commander–in–chief of the French Army. 

Captain J.G. Stedman publishes his Narrative of a Five Year’s Expedition against the Revolted Negroes of Surinam (1772–1777). 

The British occupy the South African Cape. 

A Maroon War erupts in Jamaica again. See Richard Price, ed., Maroon Societies (1973). 

1796  
In New York City, the second independent African Methodist Episcopal church in the United States is organized by African people who walk out in protest from the John Street Methodist Episcopal Church. They establish the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church. 

With the removal of French competition in the sugar trade because of slave insurrections in Santo Domingo, the price of sugar in London rises. The price of coffee doubles. 

1797 
John Adams, a Federalist from Massachusetts, is elected the second U.S. president. 

With the Peace of Campo Formio, Bonaparte destroys the Republic of Venice. 

Sojourner Truth is born into slavery to James and Betsy Baumfree near Kingston, New York. Her real name is Isabella Baumfree and up until 1828 when slavery is abolished in New York, she is sold from one master to another. In 1810, one of her masters, John Dumont, forces her to marry Thomas, a slave by whom she has five children. Several of these children are sold away. A son, Peter, is returned to her later when she wins a lawsuit. In 1827, she escapes from Dumont and is offered refuge in the home of a Quaker family whose name she assumes, becoming Isabella Van Wagener. Sojourner is known to wear a satin sash around her shoulders and chest that bears the words: “Proclaim liberty throughout the land unto all the inhabitants thereof.” She claims that the sobriquet “Sojourner Truth” is the result of her “asking the Lord to give me a new name and He gave me ‘Sojourner’ because I was to travel up and down the land showing the people sins and being a sign unto them. Afterwards, I told the Lord I wanted another name cause everybody else had two names; and He gave me ‘Truth’ because I was to declare the truth unto the People.” Sojourner can neither read nor write, but wherever she speaks large numbers of people come to hear this “self–styled prophetess and orator” who is over six feet tall and has a commanding deep bass voice. See Jacqueline Bernard, Journey Toward Freedom, The Story of Sojourner Truth (1969) and Empak Enterprises’ A Salute to Historic Black Women (l984). 

1798 
Thaddeus Kosciuszko in his Will provides that . . . 

“Should I make no other testamentary disposition of my property in the United States, I  hereby authorize my friend, Thomas Jefferson, to employ the whole thereof in purchasing Negroes from among his own or any others, and giving them an education, in trades or otherwise, and in having them instructed, for their new condition, in the duties of morality which may make them good neighbors, good fathers or mothers, husbands or wives, and in their duties as citizens, teaching them to be defenders of their liberty and country, and of the good order of society, and in whatever may make them happy and useful, and I make the said Thomas Jefferson my executor of this Fifth day of May.” 

James P. Beckwourth (sometimes spelled Beckwith), explorer, mountain man, fur trader, scout, is born in Virginia to an African woman and a white man. James Beckwourth was on of the most famous Indian fighters of his time. A friend of Kit Carson and Jim Bridger, he was a guide, hunter and the teller of tall tales. He discovered the lowest point across the Sierra Nevada Mountains, which is known as "Beckwourth Pass." It became one of the routes settlers traveled to get to the Northwest. The Crow indians made him a chief of their tribe, after he had lived with them for six years. Beckwourth had also lived with the Blackfeet Indians. He knew Indian customs and could speak the languages of three tribes. The Indians called him "Morning Star. During his 69 years, he led many expeditions of settlers through the Rockies, and fought in the Mexican and Cheyenne wars. 

Georgia — last state to do so — abolishes its trade in slaves. 

The general assembly of the Leeward Caribbean Islands (see Map 5) passes a law described as “An act more effectively to provide for the support and to extend certain regulation for the protection of slaves, to promote and encourage their increase, and generally to meliorate their condition.”  The act is passed to stave off anti–slavery attacks. 

The Burghers renew their rebellion on the South African eastern frontier. 

Fifty per cent of the population of Brazil is African, with 400,000 free and 1,350,000 as slaves in the Coastal Region. 

1799  
Bonaparte returns to France from Egypt and becomes the First Consul with enormous powers. 

1800s  
L.J. Coppin edits the Southern Christian Advocate in Philadelphia. The exact year this African newspaper began is unknown. 

The Vindicator, edited by T.B. Stamps, is founded in New Orleans, Louisiana. The exact year this African newspaper was first published is unknown. 

1800 
There are 1,002,037 Africans living in the United States. They constitute 18.9 percent of population; 893,602 are enslaved, and 108,435 (10.8%) are free persons. Northern states have 36,505 slaves, most of whom are in New York and New Jersey. 

An anti–slavery petition is presented to Congress on behalf of free African Americans in Philadelphia. 

John Brown is born in Torrington, Connecticut. From the age of five to his mid–20s, he lived in Hudson, Ohio. In his mid–30s, he moved to Kent. Later, from 1844–1846, he lived in Akron, Ohio. 

The legislative union of Ireland and England is enacted and goes into effect on January 1, 1801. 

Napoleon campaigns against Austria. 

The U.S. capital is moved from Philadelphia to Washington, DC. 

Nat Turner is born a slave in Southampton County, Virginia. 
 

U.S. cotton exports exceed 17 million pounds. 

James Durham begins his medical practice in New Orleans, becoming the first African American doctor to be recognized in the United States. 

John Chavis becomes a student at Washington Academy (now Washington and Lee University). 

American Africans rise up in arms and kill several whites outside Charleston, South Carolina. 

1801 
In Philadelphia, the first hymnal designed for the exclusive use of black folk, A Collection of Hymns and Spiritual Songs from Various Authors, is published by Richard Allen, Minister of the African Methodist Episcopal Church (two editions). 

The preliminaries of peace between France, England and Austria are signed. 

Thomas Jefferson, a Democrat–Republican from Virginia, is inaugurated as the third U.S. president. 

The British reign supreme in the Caribbean. The French are confined to Guadeloupe and the Spanish to Cuba and Puerto Rico. The Treaty of Amiens, signed by Britain, France, Holland and Spain, restores all British conquests except Trinidad, which is ceded by Spain to Britain. 

The United States declares war with Tripoli (in North Africa) following attacks by Barbary pirates. 

Africans revolt in Guadeloupe in fear of their potential reenslavement by Napoleon. 

1802  
Africans rebel in eight different locations in northern North Carolina. 

Napoleon Bonaparte is forced to sell the Louisiana Territory to the U.S. for $27,267,622, or about four cents an acre, after his defeat in Santo Domingo, i.e., Haiti. 

Toussaint L’Ouverture is captured by French while under flag of truce. 

1803  
François Capois, sometimes called the forgotten hero of the Haitian Revolution, leads his Ninth Brigade in an assault on a fort at Vertières, which the French think to be impregnable, and the French troops quartered there. Capois and his men force the French to abandon the stronghold. In 1946, the Republic of Haiti finally recognizes Capois by issuing a stamp in his honor. 

The British colonize Tasmania, an island 200 miles south of Australia, and set up a penal colony. At the time there are approximately 4,000 black aboriginals on the island. By 1876 they are all exterminated — men, women and children. Only the mixed–bloods survive. 

Slaves plan to escape in Montevideo and establish a maroon community in the forest. 

Toussaint L’Ouverture dies at Fort de Joux in France. Napoleon conspires with his jailers to bring about his death by denying him food and clothing. 

In the third War of Resistance, the South African people manage to maintain their position in the Zuurveld. 

The South African Cape is restored temporarily to Dutch rule. 

1804 
That mysterious system of slave flight, the “Underground Railroad, Inc.,” provides in essence a safety valve for the South, running off the natural leaders who might have raised a vast insurrection against the slavocracy. 

Bonaparte becomes emperor of France. 

In a duel Aaron Burr kills Alexander Hamilton who is reputed by the African American scholar, Joel A. Rogers, to be of African descent. See J.A. Rogers, 100 Amazing Facts about the Negro (1957) and The Five Negro Presidents (l965). 

Ohio University opens in Athens, Ohio. 

The African Free Society founds a pioneer school for slaves and free Africans in New York City. 

Jean Jacques Dessalines proclaims the independence of Haiti, establishing the second republic in Western Hemisphere. The United States is the first. 

The Ohio legislature enacts first of Black Laws which restrict rights and movement of Africans. Several northern states follow suit. Three states — Illinois, Indiana and Oregon — have anti–immigration clauses in their state constitutions. 

The Moslem reformist jihad is started in the Western Sudan by the Fulani warrior–scholar Uthman dan Fodio (1754–1817) who conquers Hausaland and founds the Sokoto Caliphate.  Islam spreads over a large part of the interior of West Africa during the nineteenth century.  See Mervyn Hiskett, The Sword of Truth (1973). 

An African named York accompanies the Lewis and Clark expedition from the time it leaves the mouth of the Missouri River to the Rocky and Bitterrot Mountains and to the Columbia River. 

1805  
Francis II takes the title of Emperor of Austria. In 1806 he drops the title of Holy Roman Emperor. So the “Holy Roman Empire,” which was neither “Holy” nor “Roman,” comes to an end. 

At the Battle of Trafalgar the British Admiral Nelson defeats the combined French and Spanish fleets, leaving Napoleon vulnerable to attack. 

Napoleon defeats the Austrians at the Battle of Ulm and Austerlitz, causing the Prussians to join the conflict against him. 

1806  
Benjamin Banneker dies. 

William Lloyd Garrison is born in Newburyport, Massachusetts. 

Mungo Park dies on his second expedition in Africa to explore the Niger. 

Prussia is overthrown by Napoleon’s forces at Jena. 

In South Africa, the British re–occupy and eventually annex the Dutch colony at the Cape, with a policy to provide military aid to the Boer commandos. 

1807 
George Bell, Nicholas Franklin and Moses Liverpool, former slaves, build the first school house for Africans in the District of Columbia. Having just emerged from bondage themselves, they hire a white man to run the school. 

Britain prohibits the export of African slaves to all of its colonial possessions 

Napoleon is repulsed at the Battles of Eylau; he defeats the Russians at Friedland, however.  Later Tsar Alexander I and Napoleon sign the Treaty of Tilsit. 

1808 
The Congressional Act (1787) that provides for abolishing the U.S. slave trade  in 1807 goes into effect on January 1. 

Britain makes it illegal for their citizens to engage in the slave trade and attempts to suppress the slave trade in West Africa and across the Atlantic. 

Paul Cuffee, a shipowner, joins the Society of Friends of Westport, Connecticut, and advocates African repatriation. 

George Peake is the first permanent African resident of the Forest City, i.e., Cleveland, Ohio. 

A slave revolt ignites attack on 5,000 soldiers in Capetown, South Africa. This is one of many such revolts and results in the hanging of five of its leaders. Fifty participants in this revolt were flogged and sentenced to life imprisonment in chains. 

YOUR HISTORY From J.A. Rogers. Your History from the Beginning of Time to the Present  (The Pittsburgh Courier Publishing Co., 1940). Reprinted from the original collection of Heru-Ka Anu, 1983.

James W.C. Pennington, teacher, preacher and author, is born a slave in Maryland. At age 26 he is qualified to teach in African schools. He later serves on two occasions as president of the Hartford Central Association of Congregational Ministers. 

The Abyssinian Baptist Church, largest African American congregation in the U.S., is organ- ized in New York City. The Reverend Thomas Paul organizes independent Baptist congreg- ations in Boston and Philadelphia in the same year. 

Miami University is founded at Oxford, Ohio. 

The British issue an ordinance regulating KhoiKhoi contract labor. 

Joseph J. Roberts, the first president of Liberia, is born free in Petersburg, Virginia. He emi- grates to Liberia in 1829 and dies there in 1876. 

James Madison, Democrat–Republican from Virginia, is elected the fourth President of the U.S. 

1810 
U.S. population is 7,239,881. The African population is 1,377,808 or 19%; 186,466 are free men and women. 

Charles Lenox Redmond, an African abolitionist, is born in Salem, Massachusetts. 

Cassius Clay, a white Kentucky emancipationist, is born. 

In Charleston, South Carolina, self–educated urban American Africans organize the Minor Society “to secure their orphan children the benefits of education.”  Bishop D.A. Payne attends the school founded by this organization. 

1811 
Louisiana slaves revolt in two parishes about 35 miles from New Orleans. When the revolt is at length suppressed by U.S. troops, sixty–six Africans are executed on the spot, seventeen are missing, and sixteen are subsequently beheaded and their heads impaled along the road for sixty miles. 

A Venezuelan congress declares that country’s independence from Spain but refuses to abandon the enslavement of Africans. 

Tsar Alexander I withdraws from Napoleon’s “Continental System.” 

Captain Paul Cuffee sails from Westport, Connecticut, to Sierra Leone on the Traveller. In 1815, he makes another trip with nine African American families. 

Daniel A. Payne, minister and educator, first president of Wilberforce University in Ohio, is born. (See Daniel A. Payne, Recollections of Seventy Years, 1968). 

In the fourth War of Resistance in South Africa, the Xhosa people are again driven back across the Fish River. 

1812 
Free Africans and slaves serve in the Anglo–American War of 1812. The war allows the British to increase their trade with Spanish–America by removing the United States from competi- tion. 

The First Circuit Court of South Africa hears complaints of brutality against employers of KhoiKhoi servants. 

1813 
The invention of the vacuum pan facilitates speedier evaporation in the conversion of cane syrup to sugar. The development of Norbert Rillieux’s evaporation pan in 1846 contributes to this increased sugar production. The “triple effect” developed in the 1880s allows three pans to use the same steam power. This method is not widely used in the West Indies. 

During the vicious campaign against the Creek Indian Nation that lasted until 1814, particularly at the battle of Horseshoe Bend, Mississippi, Jackson’s troops surround 800 Creeks and massacre men, women and children. After the battle, Jackson sends the clothing worn by the fallen Creek warriors to the ladies of Tennessee. “His soldiers cut long strips of skin from the bodies of the dead Indians and used them for bridle reins; they also cut the tip of each dead Indian’s nose to count the number of enemy bodies” (see Ronald T. Takaki, ed., “The Meta- physics of Civilization: Indians and the Age of Jackson,” From Different Shores:  Perspectives on Race and Ethnicity in America, 1987). 

1814 
Andrew Jackson issues proclamation at Mobil, Alabama, calling upon free Africans “to rally around the standard of the eagle” in the Anglo-American War of 1812, which, when won by the U.S., will only serve to continue the enslavement of their African compatriots. 

The British burn Washington, DC. The African American vigilance committee of Philadelphia is called upon to help defend the city; 2,500 American Africans participate. 

Napoleon abdicates; Louis XVIII is King of France. 

The S.S. Saucy Jack carries off Africans and attacks British cruiser off coast of Africa. 

1815 
Henry Highland Garnet, minister, abolitionist and diplomat, is born a slave in Kent County, Maryland. 

Regiments of free Africans win praise of Andrew Jackson for their valor at Battle of New Orleans. 

Napoleon is defeated at Waterloo. The Treaty of Vienna is promulgated. 

Slagter’s Nek Rebellion takes place in South Africa. 

1816–1823 
With an army comprised of approximately one–third Africans, José de San Martín liberates Chile from Spanish rule. 

1816 
Simón Bolívar is given asylum by Alexandre Pétion, president of Haiti, and provided with money and troops for the liberation of Venezuela. After returning to Venezuela from Haiti San Martín organizes special military units comprised of Africans, mixed bloods and Zambos, i.e., slaves born in Africa and brought directly to the Spanish colonies. 

Richard Allen helps to organize the National African Methodist Episcopal Church at a conference of African Methodists in Philadelphia. 

The S.S. Ontario is the first steamboat on the Great Lakes. 

Fort Blount of Apalachicola Bay, Florida, is attacked by U.S. troops. The fort, held by about 300 fugitive slaves and 20 Indian allies, is taken after siege of several days. 

The American slave ships, Paz, Rosa, Dolores, Nueva Paz, and Dorset work with the Spanish–American trade. 

The Bethel Charity School for Africans is founded in Baltimore by Daniel Coker. 

James P. Beckwourth leaves St. Louis for New Orleans where he signs on as a scout for Gen. Henry Ashley’s Rocky Mountain expedition. 

The American Colonization Society is formed in Washington, DC, to resettle free American Africans in Africa. 

Peter Salem, hero of Bunker Hill, dies. 

The slaves rebel in St. Phillip’s parish, Barbados. 

1817 
Free African men meet in Bethel Church in Philadelphia to oppose the American Colonization Society’s efforts “to exile us from the land of our nativity.” 

The African population in Cuba is 339,959 (54.0% of total population); 115,691 are free. 

The Argentine Provisional constitution grants voting rights to people of African descent. 

The United States closes American ports to all British ships sailing to and from the West Indies. 

The pirate Jean Lafitte occupies Galveston Island, Texas. 

The Eugene, an armed Mexican schooner, is captured while trying to smuggle Africans into the U.S. The outlawed slave trade continues. 

Frederick Douglass, called “the greatest American black man,” is born in Tuckahoe, Talbot County, Maryland, and named Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey. 

James Monroe, a Democrat–Republican from Virginia, is elected the fifth U.S. president. 

The last Africans are imported into Mexico. Four years later, however, at least 3,000 African are still enslaved there. 

The slave ship Tentativa is captured with 128 Africans aboard and brought to Savannah, Georgia . 

Samuel Ringgold Ward, a white minister, abolitionist and author, is born in Eastern Shore, Maryland. 

During the years 1817–1850, 3 to 5 million slaves are imported into the “New World.” 

1818 
The fifth War of Resistance in South Africa is led by Makanda. Ten thousand warriors attack Grahamstown, but fail due to superior weaponry used by the colonizers. Makanda is sentenced to life imprisonment on Robben Island. After being in prison for one year, on Christmas Day the prisoners rise up, overpower their guards and take away their guns. They seize a boat that capsizes; all manage to swim ashore, but Makanda, who is swept off the rocks and drowns. 

1819 
General Andrew Jackson defeats force of Indians and Africans at Battle of Suwanee, ending the First Seminole War which Jackson calls “this savage and negro war.”  “During the age of Jackson, some 70,000 Indians were removed from their homes in the South and driven west of the Mississippi River. Due to violence, disease, starvation, dangerous travel conditions, and harsh winter weather, almost one–third of the Southern Indians died. By 1844, the South was, as far as Indians were concerned, a ‘white man’s country.’ Jackson had extended Jefferson’s empire of liberty by removing Indians toward the ‘Stony mountains.’” 

The foundation for the U.S. Capitol in Washington, DC., is laid. 

The French slave trade is abolished. 

The English brig Neptune is detained by the S.S. John Adams for smuggling Africans into the United States. 

Mfecane rages in south–east Africa and Shaka becomes the ruler of the Zulu. 

The Spanish Cession results in the Florida Territory being purchased by U.S. from Spain. 

The first Factory Act passes in Britain through the efforts of Robert Owen (1771-1858), the “Father of Socialism.” Owen was a social reformer and pioneer in the cooperative movement. In 1800 he bgan to convert old mills in New Lanark, Scotland, into a model industrial town, instigating reforms later reflected in the Factory Act of 1819.  

Colombia (South America) becomes an independent state. 

In Philadelphia, three white women stone an African woman to death. 

The University of Cincinnati is chartered as a municipal institution; it becomes a state–supported university in 1977. 

1820–1821 
Vicente Guerrero, who is part African and Indian, helps liberate Mexico from Spanish rule. 

1820 
There  are 1,771,656 American Africans in the United States, 18.4 percent of the total population; 233,634 are free. Enslaved Africans number approximately 1,538,000. 

Britain becomes the greatest naval power. British interest in East Africa is stimulated by a drive to end the slave trade. 

The African Free School No. 2 is founded in New York City by the New York Manumission Society. 

Harriet Ross Tubman, the “Moses of Her People,” is born in Maryland to Benjamin and HarrietRoss. Her real name is Araminta and she is one of ten children. Brutalized and forced to do hard labor, Harriet develops not only a strong body but also a strong constitution which helped her in the role she is to perform later in life. In 1833, her master hits her in the head with a two–pound weight and fractures her skull, causing her to suffer from dizzyness and sleeping spells for the rest of her life. In 1844, Harriet marries John Tubman, a freed man, who refuses to leave Maryland with her when she decides to escape from slavery to avoid being sold and taken to slave in the Deep South. Desiring freedom more than married life, Harriet makes her escape with two brothers who are so overcome with fear that they turn back. Going on alone, Harriet vows that no one will turn back on her again. For eight years she is a conductor on the “Underground Railroad.”  During this period, she makes 19 trips into the slave South risking capture and death and guides more than 300 Africans out of bondage. She carries a rifle for protection and also as a motivator for those escaping slaves who have weakened in their resolve to be free. On such occasions, Harriet, with rifle pointed, is reputed to have commanded: “You will be free, or you will die!” Harriet is so successful in spiriting slaves out of the South that plantation owners place a reported $40,000 reward on her head. During the Civil War, Harriet serves the Union Army as scout, spy and nurse. In 1863, she leads the army on a raid that results in some 750 slaves being freed. After the war, Harriet settles in Auburn, New York. With the $20–a–month pension she finally receives from the U.S. Congress after petitioning for it for 30 years, Harriet establishes the Harriet Tubman Home for Indigent Aged Negroes in Auburn, where she dies in 1913. She is buried in Ohio with military honors.   

An adult African school in Baltimore enrolls 180 students. In all Baltimore Sabbath–schools there are 600 Africans registered. 

Approximately 5,000 British immigrants arrive in South Africa. 

Ohio has 4,723 free African men, women and children. The state of Pennsylvania has 30,202. 

The Missouri Compromise is adopted by Congress, prohibiting slavery in territory of the Louisiana Purchase, north of 36° 30’, except Missouri, during territorial period. A fugitive slave clause is added to the Compromise. 

John Reed kills two white men who forcibly enter his home seeking to return him to slavery. 

The first steamboat line operates between New York and New Orleans. 

The Emancipator, published in Tennessee, is first abolitionist paper in the South. 

Congress declares foreign slave trade an act of piracy and, therefore, punishable by death. 

Muhammed Ali’s Egyptian army conquers the Nile Valley. 

George Vashon, author of the narrative poem, “Victor Ogé” (1856), a tribute to the Haitian revolutionary, is born. He dies in 1878. 

The first organized repatriation of U.S. Africans to Africa begins with 86 people sailing from New York to Sierra Leone. 

1821 
An anti–slavery newspaper, Genius of Universal Emancipation, is started by Benjamin Lundy, a white man, in Ohio. 
 

YOUR HISTORY   From J.A. Rogers. Your History from the Beginning of Time to the Present (The Pittsburgh Courier    Publishing Co., 1940. Reprinted from the original collection of Heru-Ka Anu, 1983.

Venezuela declares the gradual abolition of slavery; the final end to the institution, however, does not come until 1854. 

The African Grove Theatre is established in New York City. This theatre continues until 1828. 

In Central America, Nicaragua, Mexico, Honduras, El Salvador and Costa Rica win indepen- dent status and become republics. The United States will, however, determine the extent of their so–called independence throughout the rest of the 19th and the entire 20th century. 

The African Methodist Episcopal Zion (AMEZ) Church is formally organized at a meeting in New York City. 

1822 
An African primary school opens in Boston . . . 

“On the 7th of August, the first Primary School for colored children was opened in Belknap Street, in a room in the Rev. Mr. Paul’s Church, at an annual rent of $72.  At the commencement of this school, the number of scholars was 47 (19 girls and 28 boys), and it was placed under the charge of Miss Charlotte Foster (a young woman of color), whose success was satisfactory to the Committee.”  

The Phoenix Society, a literary and educational organization, is founded by New York Blacks. 

Hiram R. Revels, the first African American U.S. senator, is born free in Fayetteville, North Carolina. 

Brazil becomes an independent nation. 

A “house nigger” betrays Denmark Vesey’s planned revolt. The Vesey conspiracy, one of the most elaborate slave plots on record, involves thousands of Africans in Charleston, South Carolina, and vicinity. Authorities arrest 131 Africans and four whites. Thirty–seven are hanged. See Herbert Aptheker, American Negro Slave Revolts (1970), for a thorough analysis of the phenomenon of slave revolts in the United States. In this context Aptheker also presents information on outlyer (or maroon) communities in the United States in his “Maroons within the Present Limits of the U.S.,” Journal of Negro History (1939). 

A free public school for American African children is established at the expense of the state in Philadelphia on Lombard Street. 

John Adams, a shoemaker, becomes the first person of African ancestry to teach in the District of Columbia. 

Eleven of sixteen schools for Africans in Philadelphia are taught by teachers of African descent. 

1823  
Slaves revolt in the Dutch colony of Demerara in present–day Guyana. 

During the 1820s and 1830s James P. Beckwourth is a legendary figure like his friends Jim Bridger and Kit Carson. He is one of the great scouts, hunters and Indian fighters of his time.  The Indians respect him so much he is accepted into their communities, first by the Blackfeet and later by the Crows. In 1823 he is the blacksmith for General William Ashley’s Fur Brigade. 

Africans rebel in Jamaica. 

The “Monroe Doctrine” becomes the cornerstone of U.S. Caribbean policy. This Doctrine warns European powers that attempts to interfere with the independence of any territory in the Western Hemisphere recognized by the U.S. will be regarded "as the manifestation of an unfriendly disposition towards the United States."
   

Search  the Web Your History Online Webmonkey Wired News Business   for